第五十二讲——程序的组成

从这一讲开始变得开始比较有意思了，先来讲一讲程序的组成。<o:p></o:p>
软件包其实就是应用程序，程序：architecture<o:p></o:p>
例如：c语言：源代码-->编译成为二进制格式<o:p></o:p>
      脚本类语言（需要解释器）：源代码-->编译-->连接—>运行，解释器本身是二进制程序。<o:p></o:p>
程序运行时还会依赖库文件，库文件又分为动态库，静态库。<o:p></o:p>
静态库是封装到程序中的，动态库为共享库，存在于运行环境的特定目录中。<o:p></o:p>
程序运行时在内存中大体分为以下几个部分：程序的组成：指令+数据。<o:p></o:p>
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 </td>
 </tr>
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 </td>
 </tr>
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 </td>
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</tbody>
</table>
heap和stak合起来称为堆栈，他们的作用域不同，访问指令也不同，生命周期也不同，所以分别存放。<o:p></o:p>
动态库可事先已经在内存当中了，当一个程序需要调用动态库时，只需要指向这么一个内存空间，如果这个共享库没有在内存中，那么操作系统就会帮忙将动态库载入内存，并分配给进程调用。<o:p></o:p>
通常来说，指令和库是只读的，其他的数据是可变的，在编程中，我们需要指定的库称为共享库。<o:p></o:p>
在linux操作系统中，共享库文件以.so结尾，share object 共享对象。<o:p></o:p>
我们此前讲过，一个程序想要运行，为了定义这个程序运行的特征，程序还可以通过外部文件加载一些指令，属性信息，这些外部文件称为配置文件。<o:p></o:p>
配置文件中定义的属性或变量会被程序在启动时加载，其实这些配置文件中定义的为变量，程序加载的是文件定义的变量。<o:p></o:p>
程序的组成部分：<o:p></o:p>
1.    二进制程序<o:p></o:p>
2.    库文件（自身提供的库，共享库），自身提供的库就是讲程序自身的功能以接口的形式提供给其他程序。<o:p></o:p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin-left:36.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="553" valign="top" style="width:414.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> glibc  通用的c语言库<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
 <tr> <td width="553" valign="top" style="width:414.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;"> kernel 内核，系统调用<o:p></o:p>
 </td>
 </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
glibc是几乎所有程序都要用到的最底层的核心库，可能这些库的功能不够完善。一些程序安装好之后，它可能会依赖glibc提供的库，但是也有可能有其他程序调用这个程序的功能，所以这个程序将自身的某些功能当做库来实现，所以这个程序既会生成二进制程序文件，也会生成库，生成的库放到/lib,/usr/lib，自身能够调用，其他的软件也能够调用，所以共享库是由各个软件的库和glibc共同组成的。<o:p></o:p>
3.    配置文件<o:p></o:p>
4.  帮助文件<o:p></o:p>

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