第六节——用户和用户组管理

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">没有用户名，只有密码的认证方式称为</span><span lang="EN-US">token<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有用户名</span><span lang="EN-US">(ID)</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和密码，通常称为认证</span><span lang="EN-US">identity(username/passwd)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的主要作用是实现资源的分配</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">资源的分配有三个层次，也称为</span><span lang="EN-US">3A</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">概念</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">authentication </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">认证（识别用户）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">authorzation  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">授权</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">accouting  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">审计</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对于</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">来讲，用户有两类：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理员：</span><span lang="EN-US">root  ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span><span lang="EN-US">0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户：</span><span lang="EN-US"> ID  1-65535<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系统用户</span><span lang="EN-US"> ID  1-499</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">守护进程获取资源进行权限分配</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">登录用户</span><span lang="EN-US"> ID  [500+  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">交互式登录的用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组：</span><span lang="EN-US">groupname/GID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理员组：</span><span lang="EN-US">root 0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通组：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系统组：</span><span lang="EN-US">1-499   centOS7</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">1-999<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通组：</span><span lang="EN-US">[500+   centOS7</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">[1000+<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组用以实现将用户和某一类权限建立联系。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的安全上下文：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们操作计算机是依靠运行程序实现的，进程是以发起者的身份运行的，文件的权限位会对进程的发起者限制，这一概念为</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程的安全上下文，一个进程能够访问多少资源取决于进程发起者的身份。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们站在用户的角度，</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的组有两类：</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />         </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的基本组，组名同用户名，仅包含一个组，为私有组。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的附加组，额外组。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中同用户和组相关的配置文件：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户及其属性信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/group   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户组及其属性信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户密码及其属性信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/gshadow  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组密码及其相关属性</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字段：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户名</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码</span><span lang="EN-US">:UID:GID:GES(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户附加信息</span><span lang="EN-US">):</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">家目录</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">默认</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/group</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的四个字段</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组名：组密码占位符：组</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：以当前组为附加组用户的列表</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow 9</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字段</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户名：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">加密密码：使用单项加密原理，</span><span lang="EN-US">MD5</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">算法，记录了加密方式和加入的杂质</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">最近一次修改密码的时间：从</span><span lang="EN-US">1970.01.01 00:00</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">至今过去的完整天数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码最小使用期限：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码最大使用期限：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码警告时间：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码禁用期：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">账号过期日期：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">保留字段</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#md5sum file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提取特征码</span><span lang="EN-US">  md5</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">message digest 5</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输出定长为</span><span lang="EN-US">128bit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#sha1sum file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提取特征码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#sha244sum file</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提取</span><span lang="EN-US">244</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位的特征码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#sha512sum file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提取</span><span lang="EN-US">512</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位的特征码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">单项加密具有雪崩效应，初始条件的微小改变，将会导致结果的巨大变化</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">$6$salt$............. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为加密算法</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">salt</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为杂质，为了避免使用相同密码的单项加密结果相同，被猜出密码，所以引入了</span><span lang="EN-US">salt</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码的复杂策略性：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一是使用大小写字母、数字、特殊字符中的至少三种</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">二是使用足够的长度</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">三是不使用易猜测的密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">四是定期更换密码，不要使用曾使用过的密码。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户和组管理的命令：</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的创建</span><span lang="EN-US">useradd<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#useradd [option]  login name<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建用户时会自动创建一个和用户同名的组，叫做私有组，</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">禁止空密码用户登录，在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第二列表现为有两个感叹号</span><span lang="EN-US">’!!’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">附加在用户密码串前面。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -u </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定</span><span lang="EN-US">UID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">[UID_MIN,UID_MAX],</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定义在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/login.defs</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中，如果不指定</span><span lang="EN-US">UID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，则从已存在的最大</span><span lang="EN-US">UID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开始</span><span lang="EN-US">+1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">自动指定。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -g  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指明用户所属的基本组，可为组名，也可为</span><span lang="EN-US">GID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">添加用户的注释信息，可以为任意字符，有空格时应当用引号引起来。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -d  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指明家目录位置，不指定时在</span><span lang="EN-US">/home</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下创建一个与用户名同名的目录。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果指定的目录已经存在，则不会从</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/skel</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中复制文件（模板文件），每个用户在创建时会在</span><span lang="EN-US">/home</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录下创建一个与用户名同名的目录，并从</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/skel</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中复制文件，这些模板文件定义了用户的环境。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -s  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指明用户的默认</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，不指明则有缺省值，添加用户的缺省值在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/default/useradd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中定义</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -G  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为用户指明附加组，可以有多个，使用逗号隔开，需要注意的是，这些组事先都应存在。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -D  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改添加用户的默认值，会修改</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/defaultuaeradd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      -s </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改默认</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      -g </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定用户的基本组，指定后所有之后创建用户的基本组都一样。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      -f </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">账号禁用期时间，宽限期、非活动期。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -r  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建系统用户，</span><span lang="EN-US">centOS6 ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小于</span><span lang="EN-US">500</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">centOS7 ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小于</span><span lang="EN-US">1000<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#groupadd [option] group_name   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -g  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定</span><span lang="EN-US">GID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，范围在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/default/useradd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中修改</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#id  username  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户的真实的有效的</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和组的信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -u  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户的</span><span lang="EN-US">UID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -g  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户</span><span lang="EN-US">GID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，只显示基本组</span><span lang="EN-US">ID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -G  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户所有组的组</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（基本组和附加组）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -n  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户的名称、组名称</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#su [option] [-] [user[args]]  switch user</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">切换用户或者以另外一个身份执行命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  su  USERNAME </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">非登录式切换，不读取目标用户的配置信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  su – USERNAME </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">登录式切换，会读取目标用户的配置文件，是完全切换</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户切换到其他用户不需要密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#su [-] username –c ‘COMMAND’<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -l  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">‘-’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，表示登录式切换，即读取配置文件切换。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的属性修改：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#usermod [option] [login_name]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -u  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的</span><span lang="EN-US">UID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -g  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的</span><span lang="EN-US">GID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -G  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的附加组，原来的附加组会被覆盖，</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      -a(appead)  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">追加</span><span lang="EN-US">   -G–a </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">追加附加组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -s  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改默认</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改新的注释信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -d  /path/to/home  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的家目录，不会创建目录，但是原目录中的文件不移动，且普通用户修改家目录后，原家目录不能进行访问，如果要同时移动文件，需要使用</span><span lang="EN-US">-m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项，创建目录并移动。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -l  login_name  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的名字</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -L  lock</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">锁定指定用户，在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件密码列前加一个感叹号。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -U  unlock</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解锁指定用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -e  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">账户被禁用的日期</span><span lang="EN-US">YY-MM-DD</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">格式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给用户添加密码：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#passwd username  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给指定用户添加密码，如果不指定参数则默认为当前用户修改密码。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -l  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">锁定用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -u  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解锁用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -n  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码最短使用期限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -x  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码最长使用期限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -w  warndays </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提前多少天警告用户修改密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -i   inactivedays</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">非活动期限（密码过期后的宽限期）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  --stdin  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">从标准输入接受密码，不再是交互式界面，成功与否都有信息输出，如果不想看可以将信息定向到</span><span lang="EN-US">/dev/null<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/dev/null </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据黑洞</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/dev/zero </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">零生成器，要多少有多少</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户能够添加修改其他用户密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户只能够修改自己的密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">没有密码的用户不能修改密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">passwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令操作的是</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除用户：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#userdel  [option]... login_name  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除指定用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -r </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组信息修改：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#groupmod [option]... group_name </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fare

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-22
• 评论
•   2706 次浏览

自用一键LAMP源码环境（CentOS6.8）

``` echo "LAMP starting...." #先检查光盘是否挂载 VALUE1=$(df -h |grep "/dev/sr0" >/dev/null) VALUE2=$(df -h |grep "/dev/sr1" >/dev/null) if [ -z "$VALUE1" ]; then if [ -b /dev/sr0 ]; then mkdir -p /ISO/cdrom1 mount -t iso9660 /dev/sr0 /ISO/cdrom1 else echo "/dev/sr0 is not exiest!" exit 1 fi fi if [ -z "$VALUE2" ]; then if [ -b /dev/sr1 ]; then mkdir -p /ISO/cdrom2 mount -t iso9660 /dev/sr1 /ISO/cdrom2 else echo "/dev/sr1 is not exiets!" exit 1 fi fi if [ -f /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo ]; then mv /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo.bak fi yum clean all yum list if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then echo "yum is ok" else #判断光盘大小，用于指定顺序 CD1=$(df -P |grep "/dev/sr0" |awk -F ' ' '{print $3}') CD2=$(df -P |grep "/dev/sr1" |awk -F ' ' '{print $3}') if [ $CD1 -gt $CD2 ]; then CDROM1="/ISO/cdrom1" CDROM2="/ISO/cdrom2" else CDROM1="/ISO/cdrom2" CDROM2="/ISO/cdrom1" fi echo ' [c6-media] name=CentOS-software-package baseurl=file://$CDROM1 file://$CDROM2 gpgchk=0 enabled=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6' >/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Media.repo fi sed -i '7s/enforcing/disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then echo "selinux is close,next reboot come into force!this is Temporary effective." setnforce 0 fi iptables -F #iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -dport 80 -j ACCEPT service iptables stop chkconfig iptables off if [ -d /lamp ]; then cd /lamp else echo "/lamp is not exist!" exit 1 fi for i in $(ls); do [[ "$i" =~ ".tar" ]] && tar -xvf $i [[ "$i" =~ ".zip" ]] && unzip $i done DF1=$(df -Ph |grep "/usr" |awk -F ' ' '{print $4}' |cut -d "G" -f 1) DF2=$(df -Ph |grep "\/$" |awk -F ' ' '{print $4}' |cut -d "G" -f 1) if [ -n "$DF1" ]; then DF3=$(echo "$DF1" |sed "s/[0-9]//g") if [ -z "$DF3" ]; then if [ $DF1 -ge 3 ]; then echo -e "\033[32mcheck disk is ok! \033[0m" else echo -e "\033[31mdisk is full\033[0m" fi fi else echo "Tips:/usr is not alone mount." fi if [ -n "$DF2" ]; then DF4=$(echo "$DF2" |sed 's/[0-9]//g') if [ -z "$DF4" ]; then if [ $DF2 -ge 3 ]; then echo -e "\033[32mcheck disk is ok! \033[0m" else echo -e "\033[31mdisk is full\033[0m"; exit 1 fi fi else echo 'Tips:/ is not alone mount.' fi yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ #[ "$?" == "0" ] && "\033[32;2mgcc is OK!\033[0m" || echo -e "\033[31:2mgcc install fail!" yum -y install libxml2-devel yum -y install python-devel cd /lamp/libxml2-2.9.1 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libxml2/ if [ "$?" == "0" ];then make else echo "libxml2 not make" exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "libxml2 not make install" exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2mlibxml2-2.9.1 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 cd /lamp/libmcrypt-2.5.8 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libmcrypt/ if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "libmcrypt is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "libmcrypt is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2mlibmcrypt-2.5.8 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 cd /lamp/libmcrypt-2.5.8/libltdl ./configure --enable-ltdl-install if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "libltdl is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "libltdl is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2mlibmcrypt-2.5.8/libltdl is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 cd /lamp/mhash-0.9.9.9 ./configure if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "mhssh-0.9.9.9 not make" exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "mhash-0.9.9.9 not make install" exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2mmhash-0.9.9.9 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 ############################################################################################################ cd /lamp/mcrypt-2.6.8 #此处变量报错，改为掉后恢复正常。 LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/libmcrypt/lib:/usr/local/lib ./configure --with-libmcrypt-prefix=/usr/local/libmcrypt if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "mcrypt not make" exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "mcrypt not make install" exit 11 fi ################################################################################################################ [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2mmcrypt-2.6.8 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 cd /lamp/zlib-1.2.3 ./configure if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then sed -i '21s/CFLAGS=-O3 -DUSE_MMAP/CFLAGS=-O3 -DUSE_MMAP -fPIC/g' ./Makefile; make else echo "zlib is not make" exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "zlib is not make install" exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m zlib-1.2.3 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 cd /lamp/libpng-1.2.31 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libpng if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "libpng is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "libpng is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m libpng-1.2.31 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 mkdir -p /usr/local/jpeg6/{bin,lib,include,/man/man1} yum -y install libtool* cd /lamp/jpeg-6b \cp -f /usr/share/libtool/config/config.sub ./ \cp -f /usr/share/libtool/config/config.guess ./ cd /lamp/jpeg-6b ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/jpeg6/ --enable-shared --enable-static if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "jpeg is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "jpeg is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m jpeg-6b is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 cd /lamp/freetype-2.3.5 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/freetype/ if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "freetype is not make" exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "freetype is make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m freetype-2.3.5 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 \cp -rf /lamp/apr-1.4.6 /lamp/httpd-2.4.7/srclib/apr \cp -rf /lamp/apr-util-1.4.1 /lamp/httpd-2.4.7/srclib/apr-util cd /lamp/pcre-8.34 ./configure if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "pcre-8.34 is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "pcre-8.34 is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m pcre-8.34 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 yum -y install openssl-devel cd /lamp/httpd-2.4.7 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2 --sysconfdir=/usr/local/apache2/etc --with-included-apr --enable-so --enable-deflate=shared --enable-expires=shared --enable-rewrite=shared if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "httpd-2.4.7 is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "httpd-2.4.7 is not make install." exit 11 fi #/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start #[ "$?" == "0" ] && echo "test apache start is ok!" || echo "apache start is fail.check selinux."; exit 1 #ps aux |greep --color "httpd" #sleep 1 #netstat -tlun |grep --color ":80" #sleep 1 echo ' #!/bin/bash #Version:0.0.0 #Author:stone #Discription:apache start scripts # chkconfig: 2345 66 33 # discription:apache start httpd="/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl" case $1 in start) $httpd start ;; stop) $httpd stop ;; status) $httpd status ;; restart) $httpd stop sleep 1 $httpd start ;; --help) echo "use start|stop|restart|status" ;; *) echo "use start|stop|restart|status" ;; esac' >/etc/init.d/httpd chmod +x /etc/init.d/httpd chkconfig --add httpd chkconfig httpd on service httpd start yum -y install ncurses-devel cd /lamp/ncurses-5.9 ./configure --with-shared --without-debug --without-ada --enable-overwrite if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "ncurses-5.9 is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "ncurses-5.9 is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m ncurses-5.9 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 yum -y install cmake yum -y install bison useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin mysql cd /lamp/mysql-5.5.48 cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysql.sock -DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci -DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_MEMORY_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_READLINE=1 -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 -DMYSQL_USER=mysql -DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "mysql is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "mysql is not make install;" exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m mysql-5.5.48 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 cd /usr/local/mysql/ chown -R root . chown -R mysql data \cp -rf support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf cd /usr/local/mysql /usr/local/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql & service mysqld start /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql & \cp -a /lamp/mysql-5.5.48/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld chmod +x /etc/init.d/mysqld #给脚本执行权限 chkconfig --add mysqld chkconfig mysqld on service mysqld restart #数据库必须启动起来才可以设置密码 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -uroot password 123456 service mysqld stop #echo ' #show database; #use test; #show tables; #\s #exit #' | /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p123 yum -y install libtool* cd /lamp/php-7.0.7 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php/ --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php/etc/ --with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs --with-libxml-dir=/usr/local/libxml2/ --with-jpeg-dir=/usr/local/jpeg6/ --with-png-dir=/usr/local/libpng/ --with-freetype-dir=/usr/local/freetype/ --with-mcrypt=/usr/local/libmcrypt/ --with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config --enable-soap --enable-mbstring=all --enable-sockets --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-gd --without-pear if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "php is not make" exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "php is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m php-7.0.7 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 sed -i '/AddType.*tgz/i\AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml' /usr/local/apache2/etc/httpd.conf sed -i '/AddType.*tgz/i\AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps' /usr/local/apache2/etc/httpd.conf yum -y install openssl-devel cd /lamp/php-7.0.7/ext/openssl mv config0.m4 config.m4 /usr/local/php/bin/phpize ./configure --with-openssl --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "php/ext/openssl is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "php/ext/openssl is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m php-7.0.7/ext/openssl is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 cd /lamp/pecl-memcache-php7 /usr/local/php/bin/phpize ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "pecl-memcache is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "pecl-memcache is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m pecl-memcache-php7 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 sed -i 's@extension_dir.*@extension_dir = "/usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-zts-20151012@g"' /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini sed -i 's@; extension="openssl.so";@extension="openssl.so";@g' /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini sed -i 's@; extension="memcache.so";@extension="memcache.so";@g' /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini yum -y install libevent-devel cd /lamp/memcached-1.4.17 ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/memcache if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make else echo "memcache is not make." exit 11 fi if [ "$?" == "0" ]; then make install else echo "memcache is not make install." exit 11 fi [ "$?" != "0" ] && echo -e "\033[31;2m memcached-1.4.17 is not install!\033[0m" && exit 11 useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin memcache /usr/local/memcache/bin/memcached -umemcache & ln -s /usr/local/memcache/bin/memcached /usr/local/memcached \cp /lamp/memcached-1.4.17/scripts/memcached.sysv /etc/init.d/memcached sed -i 's@daemon memcached@daemon /usr/local/memcache/bin/memcached@' /etc/init.d/memcached sed -i 's@killproc memcached@killproc /usr/local/memcache/bin/memcached@' /etc/init.d/memcached #phpmyadmin 的版本会影响登录时的显示，此版本会在登录时弹出对话框。 \cp -fr /lamp/phpMyAdmin-4.1.4-all-languages /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/phpmyadmin cd /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/phpmyadmin \cp -fr config.sample.inc.php config.inc.php sed -i '29s/cookie/http/' /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php #添加用户，并修改apache主配置文件内容 groupadd www useradd -r -g www -s /sbin/nologin www sed -i '160s@User.*@User www@g' /usr/local/apache2/etc/httpd.conf sed -i '161s@Group.*@Group www@g' /usr/local/apache2/etc/httpd.conf sed -i '249s@$@& index.php@' /usr/local/apache2/etc/httpd.conf service httpd restart #重启服务 echo -e "\033[32;2mLAMP is OK!\033[0m" ```

• shell脚本
• 2017-03-21
• 评论
•   2578 次浏览

第五节——bash的基础特性

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史</span><span lang="EN-US">#history<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相关的环境变量：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$HISTSIZE  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的历史条数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$HISTFILE  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史文件目录</span><span lang="EN-US">~/.bash_history<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$HISTFILESIZE  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史文件记录历史命令最大值</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#history –d OFFSET(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史编号</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清空命令历史</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -a  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">手动追加</span><span lang="EN-US">ache</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的命令至缓存文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:42pt;"><span lang="EN-US">##(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数字</span><span lang="EN-US">) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示命令历史中最近</span><span lang="EN-US">##</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">条命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#!##  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行命令历史中第</span><span lang="EN-US">##</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">条命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#!!  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行上一次执行的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#!string  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行最近一个以指定字符串开始的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#!$  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的最后一个参数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#ESC</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">.  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在当前光标处调用上一条命令的参数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#Alt+.  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的参数在当前光标处</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">控制命令历史的记录方式：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量：</span><span lang="EN-US">HISTCONTROL<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ignoredups  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">忽略重复的命令，所谓的重复就是指连续且相同</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ignorespace  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">忽略以空白开头的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ignoreboth  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以上两项都生效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#export HISTCONTROL=“ignorespace” </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量的声明方式，只对当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">及其子</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令补全：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当我们在命令行总键入命令的时候，有一种简便的方式自动补全需要的命令，就是使用</span><span lang="EN-US">Tab</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键，当命令唯一时直接补全命令，当命令不唯一时列出所有相关的命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Tab</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键连续敲两次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为什么命令行下能够实现命令的补全？这与</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行命令的方式有关。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内部命令就是</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序自带的命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">外部命令：</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">会根据</span><span lang="EN-US">PATH</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量定义的路径，自左而右在每个目录下搜索给定命令名称命名的文件，第一次找到的即为要执行的命令，找到以后会以</span><span lang="EN-US">hash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的方式存储起来，如果将某个命令执行后移除，而又添加到了</span><span lang="EN-US">PATH</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量中，但是命令就是执行失败，这时候就需要清空</span><span lang="EN-US">hash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US">hash –r </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清空所有命令缓存。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">路径补全：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将用户给出的字符串作为路径的开头，并在其指定上级目录下进行搜索，如果搜索结果唯一则补全，如果不唯一则给出列表。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令行展开：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">~ </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">展开为用户的主目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">~USERNAME  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">展开为指定用户的主目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">{} </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可承载一个以逗号分隔的列表，并将其展开为多个路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /tmp/{a,b}=/tmp/a,/tmp/b<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的执行状态结果：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">成功</span><span lang="EN-US"> 0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">失败</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1-255 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">失败的原因有很多</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用特殊变量</span><span lang="EN-US">$?,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">保存最近一条命令的执行状态结果。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的返回值：执行结果</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的执行状态结果：成功，失败。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">别名：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#alias [name=’value’] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对命令进行别名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  name</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为新定义的命令名称</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  value</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为定义的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令别名只对当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程有效，永久有效需要写入配置文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">~/.bashrc </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写入对应用户的家目录下的</span><span lang="EN-US">.bashrc</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/bashrc </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写入对所有用户生效。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写入配置文件不会立即生效，需要重新读取或者重启。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">source  /path/to/config_file<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">. /path/to/config_file<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销别名：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#unalias [-a] name(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">别名</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -a </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销所有别名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当我们不想执行别名，而想执行命令的原有意思时使用反斜线</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#\COMMAND(alias) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行命令原有的意思</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的快捷键：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + L </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清屏操作</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#clear  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清屏操作</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + a  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将光标跳至首部</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + e  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将光标跳至尾部</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">取消命令的执行，终止命令的执行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + u  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除命令行行首至光标处的内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + k  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除光标所在处至命令行行尾的内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US">I/O</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重定向以及管道：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们知道，程序是由指令</span><span lang="EN-US">+</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据组成的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读入数据：</span><span lang="EN-US">input<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输出数据：</span><span lang="EN-US">output<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准输入：缺省（默认）从键盘读取，描述符：数字</span><span lang="EN-US">0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">计算机识别文件、用户进程都是靠</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">号来识别的，我们用户看到的是文件名，但是在打开文件，内核内部为了实现文件追踪，会给打开的文件分配</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">号，这个</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">号称为文件描述符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打开的文件都有一个</span><span lang="EN-US">fd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">file descriptor</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件描述符）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序运行结束时有数据输出，数据输出可以是到文件、到屏幕、到打印机等等，这么多位置应当有一个默认的输出位置。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准输出：输出到显示器</span><span lang="EN-US">monitor</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，描述符为数字</span><span lang="EN-US">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准错误输出：输出到显示器</span><span lang="EN-US">monitor</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，描述符为数字</span><span lang="EN-US">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">I/O</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的重定向：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不从标准输入读取数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不从标准输出输出数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">改变默认位置即为重定向。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输出重定向：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">COMMAND > NEW_POS</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，单个</span><span lang="EN-US">‘>’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为覆盖重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">COMMAND >> NEW_POS </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两个</span><span lang="EN-US">‘>’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为追加重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为了防止意外将文件内容覆盖，我们可以使用命令限制对文件的覆盖：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#set –C </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">禁止将内容覆盖输出到已有文件中，但是我们确实需要覆盖怎么办？难道取消覆盖后在设置回来？</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cat /etc/issue > |/tmp/test </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">强制覆盖文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#set +C </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">允许将内容覆盖输出到文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">错误输出是单独的数据流，使用</span><span lang="EN-US">2></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进行重定向。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  &>:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">合并数据流，定向至同一文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  &>>:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">追加重定向，合并两个数据流，定向至同一文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#COMMAND >/path/to/file.out2>&1  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定向到</span><span lang="EN-US">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#COMMAND >>/path/to/file.out2>>&1 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定向到</span><span lang="EN-US">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输入重定向：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">< /path/to/filename<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tr [option]  SET1(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符集</span><span lang="EN-US">1) [SET2](</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符集</span><span lang="EN-US">2) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不支持跟文件，作用是转换或者删除字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -d </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果只有一个字符集，则删除出现在字符集中的内容。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果有两个字符集，则将</span><span lang="EN-US">SET1 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的字符集按位替换成</span><span lang="EN-US">SET2</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的字符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tr  abc ABC < /etc/fstab  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一般只使用一个参数，多个使用循环实现</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">‘</span><span lang="EN-US"><<</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">’表示此处生成文档</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">   #cat<< EOF<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">   >abc<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">   >ABC<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  >xyz<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  >XYZ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  >EOF<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">保存键盘上键入的数据，此处是输出到屏幕，</span><span lang="EN-US">EOF</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为指定的结束符，我们可以指定其他字符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cat >>/tmp/test<<EOF<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">>a<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">>b<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">>A<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">>EOF </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定向到文件中</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">EOF</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为特定字符串，</span><span lang="EN-US">End Of File<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  #tee[option] file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一路输入两路输出，一路定向到文件，一路打印到屏幕。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">    tee</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是覆盖输出，可以在管道中截取数据。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道：</span><span lang="EN-US">COMMAND1 |COMMAND2 |COMMAND3....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道的符号为</span><span lang="EN-US">‘|’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，表示将前面一个命令的执行结果送入后一个命令，随后一个命令会在当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的子</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中执行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;">shell</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的编程：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为我们提供了编程环境，依靠调用系统所提供的命令（已存在的二进制程序），组织成一定形式解释执行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">说道解释执行，我们就需要说一说程序的变成风格和编程语言分类。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的变成风格：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">面向过程：以指令为中心，数据服务于指令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">面向对象：以数据为中心，指令服务于数据。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们之前说过，程序是由指令和数据组成的。计算机只能识别二进制的指令，所以无论我们使用什么编程语言，最终都要转换为二进制指令才可以。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编程语言按接近人类语言的程度分为高级语言和低级语言，高级并不是说很厉害，高级指的是接近人类语言习惯，还有一些语言接近底层硬件，但是对人却不友好，所以称为低级语言。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编程语言按照执行方式可以分为编译型语言和解释性语言：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编译类型的语言：高级语言</span><span lang="EN-US">--></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编译器</span><span lang="EN-US">--></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目标代码</span> <span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">语言、</span><span lang="EN-US">C++</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">JAVA</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等等</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编译类型语言编写好代码后，需要通过编译器将代码转换成静态的二进制程序，可以独立执行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解释类型的语言：高级语言</span><span lang="EN-US">--></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解释器</span><span lang="EN-US">—></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目标代码</span> <span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">perl</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:mi

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-21
• 评论
•   2664 次浏览

nginx自启动脚本

``` #!/bin/bash #chkconfig: 2345 99 33 #description: nginx server control tools ngxc="/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx" pidf="usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid" ngxc_fpm="/usr/local/php/sbin/php-fpm" pidf_fpm="/usr/local/php/var/run/php-fpm.pid" case "$1" in start) $ngxc -t &> /dev/null if [ $? -eq 0 ];then $ngxc $ngxc_fpm echo "nginx service start success!" else $ngxc -t fi ;; stop) kill -s QUIT $(cat $pidf) kill -s QUIT $(cat $pidf_fpm) echo "nginx service stop success!" ;; restart) $0 stop $0 start ;; reload) $ngxc -t &> /dev/null if [ $? -eq 0 ];then kill -s HUP $(cat $pidf) kill -s HUP $(cat $pidf_fpm) echo "reload nginx config success!" else $ngxc -t fi ;; *) echo "please input stop|start|restart|reload." exit 1 esac ```

• shell脚本
• 2017-03-20
• 评论
•   2676 次浏览

第四节——linux相关

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上所有的文件想要被访问到，必须要通过一个叫做根文件系统的位置开始，但是这并不意味着</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">就不需要分区了。为了实现文件系统或者实现多个文件系统独立管理，</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下也需要分区，但是任何一个分区在完成分区之后是不能够实现自我独立访问的，二是只能与现有的根一同被访问。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的分区都会被关联到根上。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">根文件系统（</span><span lang="EN-US">rootfs</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span><span lang="EN-US">     FHS</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定义的</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统的标准</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/boot </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">引导文件存放目录，内核文件</span><span lang="EN-US">vmlinuz</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、引导加载器</span><span lang="EN-US">bootloader</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">grub</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">都在此目录中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/bin  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">共所有用户使用的基本命令，不能关联到独立的分区，这是系统启动时就会使用到的命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/sbin  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理类命令，不能关联到独立分区，系统启动时会用到的程序。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/lib  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基本的共享库文件，以及内核模块文件</span><span lang="EN-US">/lib/modules<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/lib64  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">这是在</span><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位操作系统上才有的目录，库文件基本上都位于此目录下，为了向下兼容，原</span><span lang="EN-US">/lib</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录下也有相应的库文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">应用程序的配置文件存放目录，大多为纯文本文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /etc/opt  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">早些时候程序安装在此路径下</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /etc/X11  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">图形的现实规范，为</span><span lang="EN-US">xwindow</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提供配置文件（</span><span lang="EN-US">x</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">协议，</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位版本号）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/home  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /home/username  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/root  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理员的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/media  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">便携式设备的挂载目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/mnt  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">临时文件系统的挂载目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/dev  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设备文件目录（特殊文件或者特殊文件存放目录）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   b:block device</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">随机访问</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   c</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span><span lang="EN-US">character device </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">线性访问</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/opt  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第三方应用程序安装位置</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/srv  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系统上运行的服务用到的数据放于此</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/tmp  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">临时文件存放目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以上目录除了</span><span lang="EN-US">/boot</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">/home</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">外都不能独立分区</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/usr  usr is shareable read-only date</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">全局只读数据，通常建议此目录单独分区挂载。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/bin </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户可执行的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/sbin  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理员可执行的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/lib  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/lib64  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/share  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">放置共享文件的目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/local </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">取代</span><span lang="EN-US">/opt</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录的第三方程序的安装位置</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/include  c</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的头文件，调用库文件的接口</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/src  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">源代码的存放目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">除了启动外的基本应用程序都放在</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录下，保证系统拥有完整的功能提供服务。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/var  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">存放经常发生变动的文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/cache  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">应用程序的</span><span lang="EN-US">date</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">缓存目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/lib  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">应用程序状态信息数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/local  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">专用于为</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/local</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的应用程序提供存储可变</span><span lang="EN-US">date<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/lock  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">锁文件的存放目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/log  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">日志目录及文件存于此目录下</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/opt  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">/opt</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的程序存储可变数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/run  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">与运行中进程相关的数据，通常存放进程的</span><span lang="EN-US">PID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/spool  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">缓冲池</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/tmp   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">存储系统两次重启之间产生的数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/proc  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">伪文件系统，用于输出内核与进程信息相关的虚拟文件系统。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/sys  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">伪文件系统，输出当前系统上的硬件设备相关信息的虚拟文件系统。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/misc  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用于存放杂项</span><span lang="EN-US">man7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/selinux  security enhanced linux </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内核中实现安全策略等信息的存放位置</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/lost+found  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是由</span><span lang="EN-US">ext</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统产生</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上应用程序的组成部分以及可能存放的位置：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">二进制程序：</span><span lang="EN-US">/bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin/usr/local/sbin<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库文件：</span><span lang="EN-US">/bin /sbin /usr/{bin,sbin}/usr/local/{bin,sbin}<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配置文件：</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc /etc/DIRECTORY /usr/local/etc<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">帮助文件：</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/share/man /usr/share/doc/usr/local/share/{man,doc}<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的文件类型，从磁盘上的组织形式区分：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">-(f)  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">d </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录文件，在目录文件中的数据为，通过这个目录能访问到的文件或者目录的路径。即从文件名到文件元数据的映射关系。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">b </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">块设备文件，只有元数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">c </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符设备文件，只有元数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">l </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">符号链接文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">p </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">s </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">套接字文件，</span><span lang="EN-US">socker</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（接口），是</span><span lang="EN-US">IP:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">端口的形式，实现主机内通信，跨主机通信使用协议。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名通配：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;">glob(globbing)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">what is glob?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">glob</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中用于实现文件名通配的机制。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">通配符：</span><span lang="EN-US">* ?  []<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">*</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示任意长度的任意字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">？表示任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[list] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围内</span><span lang="EN-US">[list]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[0-9]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示所有的数字</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[a-z]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示不区分大小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[A-Z]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示大写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果我们需要匹配连字符</span><span lang="EN-US">‘-’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，需要使用反斜线转义。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">专用字符集：不包括通配符</span><span lang="EN-US">[]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:alnum:] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意数字或者字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:alpha:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:space:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空格</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:lower:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:digit:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意数字，相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">0-9</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，此处没有匹配符</span><span lang="EN-US">[]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:punct:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标点符号</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">#ls /tmp/l*[0-9]*[[:lower:]]  </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">以字母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">l</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">开头，中间有一个数字，并以小写字母结尾的文件。</span>

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-20
• 评论
•   2677 次浏览

第三节——基础命令

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#date </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示或者设置系统时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#date [option]... [+format] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以指定的格式显示时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[option]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项很少使用，这里就不多讲</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[+format] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">这是格式的指定方式，前面有一个</span><span lang="EN-US">’+’<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %A,%a  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示星期几</span><span lang="EN-US"> #date +%A<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %D     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以月</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">日</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">年的格式显示时间</span><span lang="EN-US">  #date+%D<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %F     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以年</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">日的格式显示时间</span><span lang="EN-US">   #date+%F<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %T     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">获取当前系统时间</span><span lang="EN-US">          #date +T<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %H  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %M  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %S   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">秒</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#date [MMDDhhmmYY[cc]][.ss]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设置时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">MM</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的月份</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">DD </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的日期</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">hh   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的小时</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">mm </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的分钟</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">YY    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的年份（末尾两位）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">cc    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">四位的年份</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">.ss   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的秒使用点</span><span lang="EN-US">‘.’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分离</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中有两个时钟：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一是系统时钟：</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内核通过</span><span lang="EN-US">CPU</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">工作频率进行计时。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">二是硬件时钟：实时时钟，使用</span><span lang="EN-US">#clock</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">#hwclock</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看硬件时钟。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#hwclock </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查询硬件时钟</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -s,--hctosys</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">把系统时间设置为硬件时钟相同</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -w,—systohc </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将硬件时钟设置为系统时钟相同</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cal  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示日历</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件时间戳管理工具：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#touch [option]/path/to/filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改文件的时间戳，当文件不存在时创建文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -a </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改访问时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -m  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改修改时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -t  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指明时间戳，同</span><span lang="EN-US">-a/-m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">共用</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   [[cc]YYMMDDhhmm[ss]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时间格式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不创建文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当</span><span lang="EN-US">touch</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个文件时，文件不存在则默认创建该文件，当文件存在时只修改其时间戳。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个文件的组成部分有两个：</span><span lang="EN-US">metadata</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">元数据，</span><span lang="EN-US">date</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#stat /path/to/filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件的状态。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件有三个时间戳：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  access time </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">访问时间</span><span lang="EN-US">atime </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读取文件内容叫访问</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  modify time  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改时间</span><span lang="EN-US"> mtime  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改文件内容叫修改</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  change time  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">改变时间</span><span lang="EN-US"> ctime  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">元数据的改变叫做改变，即上面两项任何一项变化都会修改改变时间。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录相关的命令</span></u></b><b><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">每一个用户都有自己的家目录，在</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中家目录使用特殊的展开符代替</span><span lang="EN-US">’~’<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cd </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进行目录的切换</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cd ~</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">切换到当前用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cd – </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">短横线代表上一级目录，可以快速实现在两个目录间切换。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户，即管理员可以切换到主机上任意用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cd ~USER<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统中，所有文件都在根目录下，所以一个文件的绝对路径都是由根目录开始的，但是在目录结构中有这么两个概念：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个是绝对路径，上面提到过了，绝对路径就是由根开始的路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个是相对路径，相对路径是以当前位置为起始的路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当前目录</span><span lang="EN-US">(current directory)</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，也称作</span><span lang="EN-US">working directory</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#pwd(printing working directory) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打印当前路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">pwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是内建的环境变量，保存了当前目录路径，为什么</span><span lang="EN-US">pwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令能够实现当前位置的显示？因为有</span><span lang="EN-US">pwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$OLDPWD </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上一次所在目录路径，这也就是为什么能够实现目录的切换。因此</span><span lang="EN-US">cd –</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">cd $OLDPWD<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#ls   list,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">列出指定目录（路径）下的文件列表</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">       -a</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">--all</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示所有文件，包括隐藏文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">      -A  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">除了</span><span lang="EN-US">. ..</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">即当前目录，上一级目录外都显示。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">      -l </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用长列表信息显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">       -R</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">--recursive</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）递归显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">       -h</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">人性化显示，即文件大小单位的换算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">      -d </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示当前目录的信息（目录本身），常与</span><span lang="EN-US">-l</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一同使用</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">       -r</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">逆序的格式显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">长列表显示的时候有很多列</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第一列第一个字符为文件类型，余下的九个字符为权限的表示位。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第二列表示文件被硬链接的次数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第三列为文件的属主</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第四列为文件的属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第五列为文件的大小（默认单位为字节）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第六列为时间，为最近一次被修改的时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第七列为文件名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件的类型：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" align="left" style="margin-left:39pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">d  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">l    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">链接文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">b  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">块设备</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">c    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符设备</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">p    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">s    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">套接字文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时间戳：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">atime</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">access time</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）访问时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">mtime</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">modify time</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）修改时间，指的是修改内容，只要修改文件就会改变，修改时间属于元信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctime</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">change time</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）改变时间，指的是元信息的改变，改变不一定会修改。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#statfilename </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示文件或者文件系统的状态，获取指定文件的元数据信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#ls /path/to/dir  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看指定目录下的文件，</span><span lang="EN-US">ls</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令默认启用了别名，别名中包含了颜色显示的规则。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">黑色</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">蓝色</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">绿色</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">拥有可执行权限的文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#mkdir  [option] /path/to/somewhere<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -p </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果创建目录重复则不再报错，且目标目录的父目录不存在时创建，为递归创建，从右到左查找路径，不存在则创建。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:42pt;"><span lang="EN-US">-v  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">喜爱你是详细信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:42pt;"><span lang="EN-US">-m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建目录的同时直接指定权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#rmdir [option]/path/too/somewhere<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">只能删除空目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -v  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示过程</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -p  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">递归删除</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tree  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">列出目录的层级结构</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -L #  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">限制显示层级</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -d  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">只显示目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -P  pattern</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">模式，只显示由指定</span><span lang="EN-US">pattern</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配到的路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件查看命令：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cat  /path/to/filename</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">concatenate</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）连接文件并且显示出来，</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令不会翻屏，是一次性贴入屏幕。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -E </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示行结束符（换行符‘</span><span lang="EN-US">$</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">’）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -T </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示制表符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -n </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对行进行编号，只是显示时间编号，对文件内容无影响。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令没有跟任何参数时，会默认从键盘读取，这也就是我们键入</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令后为什么退不出来。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令还可以将两个或者两个以上的文件连接起来显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tac  /path/to/filename </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将文件反向显示，即最后一行成为第一行，第一行成为最后一行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有的时候我们并不知道文件的类型，是不是可执行文件，是不是文本文件等等，我们总不能瞎猜对吧？</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#file /path/to/filename </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件内容类型，顺便回顾一下，</span><span lang="EN-US">type</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是查看命令的类型，是内建命令还是外部命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#more [option] filename </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -d  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示翻页及退出提示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  +n  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定位显示，从第几行开始</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#less [option] filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令调用的便是</span><span lang="EN-US">less</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，不再赘述其使用方法。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#head [option] filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件指定内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -n #  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定查看文件前</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -c #  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定查看文件前</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字节</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tail [option] filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件指定内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -n #</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示文件后</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -c #</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-fami

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-19
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•   2641 次浏览

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