第八节——逻辑运算和正则表达式

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">逻辑运算：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">    0(true)    1(false)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">&&  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">与运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">||   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">或运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">!    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">非运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">短路运算：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">A&&B  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（假），结果必定为假</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">        </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">0</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（真），</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">必须要参与运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">A||B   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">0</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（真），结果必定为真</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">        </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当</span><span lang="EN-US">A</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（假），</span><span lang="EN-US">B</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">必须要参与运算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上文本处理三剑客：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#grep  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文本过滤工具，基于模式（</span><span lang="EN-US">pattern</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">），显示匹配的行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#sed   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">流编辑器，是一个文本编辑工具，行编辑器</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#awk   linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上实现的是</span><span lang="EN-US">gawk</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">awk</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">也是一门单独的编程语言，也就是说，</span><span lang="EN-US">awk</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以作为一个解释器，</span><span lang="EN-US">awk</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">既不是用来编辑文本，也不是用来过滤文本，二是将文本进行美观输出，所以</span><span lang="EN-US">awk</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是一个文本报告生成器。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基本的正则表达式元字符：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符匹配元字符：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“.”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“[]” </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围内的任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“[^]”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围外的任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:lower:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:upper:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的大写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:alpha:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的大小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:alnum:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的字母和数字</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:punct:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的特殊字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:space:]   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空格字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文本处理工具使用的模式应当使用引号包含起来：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">双引号：弱引用，其中的变量会被替换</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">单引号：强引用，除了元字符，其他都当做字符处理。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次数匹配元字符：用在要指定次数的字符后面，用于指定前面字符出现的次数。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“*”    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配前面的字符任意次，</span><span lang="EN-US">“*”</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">本身仅表示次数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">例：</span><span lang="EN-US">grep   “a*b” filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">能匹配到的如下</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   /etc/fstab  a</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">出现一次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   /boot     a</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">出现</span><span lang="EN-US">0</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">即</span><span lang="EN-US">a*b</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示的意义为，</span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">出现</span><span lang="EN-US">0</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次、</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次或多次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">正则匹配默认工作在贪婪模式下，最大匹配原则。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“.*”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意长度的任意字符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\?”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配其前面的字符</span><span lang="EN-US">0</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次或者</span><span lang="EN-US">1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次，即前面的字符可有可无。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\+”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配其前面的字符至少一次。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\{m,n\}”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配其前面字符，至少</span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次，至多</span><span lang="EN-US">n</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\{m\}”   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配前面的字符</span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\{0,n}\”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配前面的字符至多</span><span lang="EN-US">n</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\{m,}\”   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配前面的字符至少</span><span lang="EN-US">m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">次。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位置锚定：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">^:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行首锚定，使用在最左侧。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行尾锚定，使用在最右侧。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">^PATTERN$:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用模式匹配整行，匹配到为真，匹配不到为假。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“^$”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空行，</span><span lang="EN-US">none</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“^[[:space:]]*$”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空白行（没有可见字符）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\<”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">词首锚定，用于单词的左侧。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\b”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">词首锚定</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\>”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">词尾锚定，用于单词的右侧。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\b”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">词尾锚定</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\<PATTERN\>”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">单词锚定，匹配整个单词</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\bPATTERN\b”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分组：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">“\(\)”  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小括号在</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中有特殊意义，所以转义，将一段字符当作一个整体处理。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符一旦分组以后，在所有的正则表达式当中还有第二个作用。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">后项引用：引用前面分组括号中模式所匹配的字符，一旦一个模式匹配到衣蛾字符串了，在后面的任何位置我们都可以再次引用这个模式所匹配到的字符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Tip</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：分组括号中的模式匹配到的内容会被正则表达式引擎记录于内部的变量中，这些变量的命名的方式为</span><span lang="EN-US">\1,\2,\3</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等等。</span><span lang="EN-US">\1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示从左侧起第一个左括号到与之匹配的右括号之间模式所匹配到的字符，此处允许嵌套，最里面的一对括号算最后一个。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">egg</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span><span lang="EN-US">\(ab\+\(xy\)*\)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">\1 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配</span> <span lang="EN-US">ab\+\(xy\)*<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">\2 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配</span> <span lang="EN-US">xy<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">我们在这里再次提示，后向引用的引用方式：引用的是前面分组括号中的模式所匹配到的字符，而非模式本身。</span>

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-24
• 评论
•   2471 次浏览

第七节——权限管理

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限主要针对三类用户定义：属主</span><span lang="EN-US">u</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（前三位）、属组</span><span lang="EN-US">g</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（中间三位）、其他人</span><span lang="EN-US">o</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（后三位）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">每个文件针对每类访问者都定义了三种权限。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对文件来说：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">r readable  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">拥有读权限的文件，可以使用文件查看工具获取其内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">w writable  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">拥有写权限的文件，可以修改其中的内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">x excuable  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">拥有执行权限的文件，可以将此文件提请内核启动为一个进程</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对目录来说：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">r </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">拥有读权限，可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US">ls</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看目录中的文件列表</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">w </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">拥有写权限，可以在此目录下创建、删除文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">x </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">拥有执行权限，可以</span><span lang="EN-US">cd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">到此目录，也可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US">ls –l</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看此目录中的文件列表。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">权限位与八进制的对应：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">---  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">无权限</span><span lang="EN-US">       000 0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">--x  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US">     001  1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">-w- </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写权限</span><span lang="EN-US">       010 2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">-wx </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写、执行</span> <span lang="EN-US">    011  3<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">r--  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读权限</span><span lang="EN-US">       100 4<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">r-x  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读、执行</span><span lang="EN-US">    101  5<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">rw-  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读写</span><span lang="EN-US">        110  6<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">rwx  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读写执行</span><span lang="EN-US">    111  7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件权限的修改：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  [option]... MODE  file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改文件的权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用八进制数字形式：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">更改目录权限时默认不会更改目录下文件的权限，递归修改需要使用</span><span lang="EN-US">-R</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项，递归修改目录下的权限。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod 750  /tmp/test1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">直接指定</span><span lang="EN-US">mode</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进行定义：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  u=rw,g=r,o= filename or dir  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用逗号隔开</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  ug=rw,o=r filename or dir   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当权限位一样时可以合并</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  all=rw</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">a=rw</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span><span lang="EN-US">  filename  or  dir</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US">all</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">同时定义相同的三类权限。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改某类用户或者某些位的权限：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  u+x filename or dir  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给属主增加执行权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  g-w filename or dir  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给属组减去写权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  ug-w filename or dir </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给属主属组减去写权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  a+r  filename  or  dir </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给所有人加上读取权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">参考其他文件的权限，将其他文件的权限赋予当前文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chmod  --reference=/etc/fstab  /tmp/test1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改用户的属主属组，仅管理员</span><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可以使用</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chown  hadoop:hadoop /tmp/test2  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">/tmp/test2</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件的属主属组修改为</span><span lang="EN-US">hadoop<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chown  :hadoop /tmp/test3  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">/tmp/test3</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件的属组修改为</span><span lang="EN-US">hadoop<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -R  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">递归修改目录下的所有文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> --refence=filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">参照文件修改权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#chgrp  group filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改文件的属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -R  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">递归修改文件的属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为什么我们创建文件和目录的时候都有一个默认的权限？这个权限可不可以被修改？</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">实现默认权限的指派是因为遮罩码（</span><span lang="EN-US">umask</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">遮罩码是反向运用的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建文件的时候，默认权限的指派方式为：</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />       666-umask<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果文件存在执行权限，则其对应八进制权限</span><span lang="EN-US">+1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">后赋予新权限，也就是说，新创建的文件不允许拥有执行权限。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建目录时，默认权限的指派方式为：</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />        777-umask<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的</span><span lang="EN-US">umask</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">遮罩码为</span><span lang="EN-US">022<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户的</span><span lang="EN-US">umask</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">遮罩码为</span><span lang="EN-US">002<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#umask  ###  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定遮罩码，</span><span lang="EN-US">umask</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的设定仅对当前用户的当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-23
• 评论
•   2365 次浏览

第六节——用户和用户组管理

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">没有用户名，只有密码的认证方式称为</span><span lang="EN-US">token<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有用户名</span><span lang="EN-US">(ID)</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和密码，通常称为认证</span><span lang="EN-US">identity(username/passwd)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的主要作用是实现资源的分配</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">资源的分配有三个层次，也称为</span><span lang="EN-US">3A</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">概念</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">authentication </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">认证（识别用户）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">authorzation  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">授权</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">accouting  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">审计</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对于</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">来讲，用户有两类：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理员：</span><span lang="EN-US">root  ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span><span lang="EN-US">0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户：</span><span lang="EN-US"> ID  1-65535<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系统用户</span><span lang="EN-US"> ID  1-499</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">守护进程获取资源进行权限分配</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">登录用户</span><span lang="EN-US"> ID  [500+  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">交互式登录的用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组：</span><span lang="EN-US">groupname/GID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理员组：</span><span lang="EN-US">root 0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通组：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系统组：</span><span lang="EN-US">1-499   centOS7</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">1-999<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通组：</span><span lang="EN-US">[500+   centOS7</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">[1000+<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组用以实现将用户和某一类权限建立联系。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的安全上下文：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们操作计算机是依靠运行程序实现的，进程是以发起者的身份运行的，文件的权限位会对进程的发起者限制，这一概念为</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程的安全上下文，一个进程能够访问多少资源取决于进程发起者的身份。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们站在用户的角度，</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的组有两类：</span><span lang="EN-US"><br />         </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的基本组，组名同用户名，仅包含一个组，为私有组。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的附加组，额外组。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中同用户和组相关的配置文件：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户及其属性信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/group   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户组及其属性信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户密码及其属性信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/gshadow  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组密码及其相关属性</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的</span><span lang="EN-US">7</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字段：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户名</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码</span><span lang="EN-US">:UID:GID:GES(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户附加信息</span><span lang="EN-US">):</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">家目录</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">默认</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/group</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的四个字段</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组名：组密码占位符：组</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：以当前组为附加组用户的列表</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow 9</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字段</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户名：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">加密密码：使用单项加密原理，</span><span lang="EN-US">MD5</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">算法，记录了加密方式和加入的杂质</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">最近一次修改密码的时间：从</span><span lang="EN-US">1970.01.01 00:00</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">至今过去的完整天数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码最小使用期限：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码最大使用期限：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码警告时间：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码禁用期：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">账号过期日期：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">保留字段</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#md5sum file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提取特征码</span><span lang="EN-US">  md5</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">message digest 5</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输出定长为</span><span lang="EN-US">128bit<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#sha1sum file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提取特征码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#sha244sum file</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提取</span><span lang="EN-US">244</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位的特征码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">#sha512sum file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提取</span><span lang="EN-US">512</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位的特征码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">单项加密具有雪崩效应，初始条件的微小改变，将会导致结果的巨大变化</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">$6$salt$............. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">6</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为加密算法</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">salt</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为杂质，为了避免使用相同密码的单项加密结果相同，被猜出密码，所以引入了</span><span lang="EN-US">salt</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码的复杂策略性：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一是使用大小写字母、数字、特殊字符中的至少三种</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">二是使用足够的长度</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">三是不使用易猜测的密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">四是定期更换密码，不要使用曾使用过的密码。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户和组管理的命令：</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的创建</span><span lang="EN-US">useradd<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#useradd [option]  login name<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建用户时会自动创建一个和用户同名的组，叫做私有组，</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">禁止空密码用户登录，在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第二列表现为有两个感叹号</span><span lang="EN-US">’!!’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">附加在用户密码串前面。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -u </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定</span><span lang="EN-US">UID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">[UID_MIN,UID_MAX],</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定义在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/login.defs</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中，如果不指定</span><span lang="EN-US">UID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，则从已存在的最大</span><span lang="EN-US">UID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">开始</span><span lang="EN-US">+1</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">自动指定。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -g  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指明用户所属的基本组，可为组名，也可为</span><span lang="EN-US">GID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">添加用户的注释信息，可以为任意字符，有空格时应当用引号引起来。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -d  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指明家目录位置，不指定时在</span><span lang="EN-US">/home</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下创建一个与用户名同名的目录。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果指定的目录已经存在，则不会从</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/skel</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中复制文件（模板文件），每个用户在创建时会在</span><span lang="EN-US">/home</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录下创建一个与用户名同名的目录，并从</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/skel</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中复制文件，这些模板文件定义了用户的环境。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -s  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指明用户的默认</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，不指明则有缺省值，添加用户的缺省值在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/default/useradd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中定义</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -G  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为用户指明附加组，可以有多个，使用逗号隔开，需要注意的是，这些组事先都应存在。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -D  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改添加用户的默认值，会修改</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/defaultuaeradd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      -s </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改默认</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      -g </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定用户的基本组，指定后所有之后创建用户的基本组都一样。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      -f </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">账号禁用期时间，宽限期、非活动期。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -r  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建系统用户，</span><span lang="EN-US">centOS6 ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小于</span><span lang="EN-US">500</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">centOS7 ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小于</span><span lang="EN-US">1000<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#groupadd [option] group_name   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -g  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定</span><span lang="EN-US">GID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，范围在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/default/useradd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中修改</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#id  username  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户的真实的有效的</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">和组的信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -u  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户的</span><span lang="EN-US">UID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -g  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户</span><span lang="EN-US">GID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，只显示基本组</span><span lang="EN-US">ID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -G  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户所有组的组</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（基本组和附加组）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -n  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示用户的名称、组名称</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#su [option] [-] [user[args]]  switch user</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">切换用户或者以另外一个身份执行命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  su  USERNAME </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">非登录式切换，不读取目标用户的配置信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  su – USERNAME </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">登录式切换，会读取目标用户的配置文件，是完全切换</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户切换到其他用户不需要密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#su [-] username –c ‘COMMAND’<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -l  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">‘-’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，表示登录式切换，即读取配置文件切换。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的属性修改：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#usermod [option] [login_name]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -u  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的</span><span lang="EN-US">UID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -g  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的</span><span lang="EN-US">GID<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -G  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的附加组，原来的附加组会被覆盖，</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      -a(appead)  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">追加</span><span lang="EN-US">   -G–a </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">追加附加组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -s  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改默认</span><span lang="EN-US">shell<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改新的注释信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -d  /path/to/home  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的家目录，不会创建目录，但是原目录中的文件不移动，且普通用户修改家目录后，原家目录不能进行访问，如果要同时移动文件，需要使用</span><span lang="EN-US">-m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项，创建目录并移动。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -l  login_name  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定新的名字</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -L  lock</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">锁定指定用户，在</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/passwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件密码列前加一个感叹号。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -U  unlock</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解锁指定用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -e  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">账户被禁用的日期</span><span lang="EN-US">YY-MM-DD</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">格式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给用户添加密码：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#passwd username  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">给指定用户添加密码，如果不指定参数则默认为当前用户修改密码。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -l  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">锁定用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -u  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解锁用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -n  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码最短使用期限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -x  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">密码最长使用期限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -w  warndays </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提前多少天警告用户修改密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -i   inactivedays</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">非活动期限（密码过期后的宽限期）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  --stdin  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">从标准输入接受密码，不再是交互式界面，成功与否都有信息输出，如果不想看可以将信息定向到</span><span lang="EN-US">/dev/null<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/dev/null </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据黑洞</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/dev/zero </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">零生成器，要多少有多少</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户能够添加修改其他用户密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户只能够修改自己的密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">没有密码的用户不能修改密码</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">passwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令操作的是</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc/shadow</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除用户：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#userdel  [option]... login_name  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除指定用户</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -r </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">组信息修改：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#groupmod [option]... group_name </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fare

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-22
• 评论
•   2352 次浏览

第五节——bash的基础特性

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史</span><span lang="EN-US">#history<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相关的环境变量：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$HISTSIZE  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的历史条数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$HISTFILE  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史文件目录</span><span lang="EN-US">~/.bash_history<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$HISTFILESIZE  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史文件记录历史命令最大值</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#history –d OFFSET(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令历史编号</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清空命令历史</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -a  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">手动追加</span><span lang="EN-US">ache</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的命令至缓存文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:42pt;"><span lang="EN-US">##(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数字</span><span lang="EN-US">) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示命令历史中最近</span><span lang="EN-US">##</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">条命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#!##  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行命令历史中第</span><span lang="EN-US">##</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">条命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#!!  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行上一次执行的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#!string  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行最近一个以指定字符串开始的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#!$  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的最后一个参数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#ESC</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">.  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在当前光标处调用上一条命令的参数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#Alt+.  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">调用上一条命令的参数在当前光标处</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">控制命令历史的记录方式：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量：</span><span lang="EN-US">HISTCONTROL<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ignoredups  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">忽略重复的命令，所谓的重复就是指连续且相同</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ignorespace  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">忽略以空白开头的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ignoreboth  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以上两项都生效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#export HISTCONTROL=“ignorespace” </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量的声明方式，只对当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">及其子</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">生效</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令补全：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当我们在命令行总键入命令的时候，有一种简便的方式自动补全需要的命令，就是使用</span><span lang="EN-US">Tab</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键，当命令唯一时直接补全命令，当命令不唯一时列出所有相关的命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">Tab</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">键连续敲两次</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为什么命令行下能够实现命令的补全？这与</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行命令的方式有关。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内部命令就是</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序自带的命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">外部命令：</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">会根据</span><span lang="EN-US">PATH</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量定义的路径，自左而右在每个目录下搜索给定命令名称命名的文件，第一次找到的即为要执行的命令，找到以后会以</span><span lang="EN-US">hash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的方式存储起来，如果将某个命令执行后移除，而又添加到了</span><span lang="EN-US">PATH</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">环境变量中，但是命令就是执行失败，这时候就需要清空</span><span lang="EN-US">hash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US">hash –r </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清空所有命令缓存。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">路径补全：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将用户给出的字符串作为路径的开头，并在其指定上级目录下进行搜索，如果搜索结果唯一则补全，如果不唯一则给出列表。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令行展开：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">~ </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">展开为用户的主目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">~USERNAME  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">展开为指定用户的主目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">{} </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">可承载一个以逗号分隔的列表，并将其展开为多个路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /tmp/{a,b}=/tmp/a,/tmp/b<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令的执行状态结果：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">成功</span><span lang="EN-US"> 0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">失败</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1-255 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">失败的原因有很多</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用特殊变量</span><span lang="EN-US">$?,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">保存最近一条命令的执行状态结果。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的返回值：执行结果</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的执行状态结果：成功，失败。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">别名：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#alias [name=’value’] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对命令进行别名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  name</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为新定义的命令名称</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  value</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为定义的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令别名只对当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进程有效，永久有效需要写入配置文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">~/.bashrc </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写入对应用户的家目录下的</span><span lang="EN-US">.bashrc</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc/bashrc </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写入对所有用户生效。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">写入配置文件不会立即生效，需要重新读取或者重启。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">source  /path/to/config_file<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">. /path/to/config_file<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销别名：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#unalias [-a] name(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">别名</span><span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -a </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">撤销所有别名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当我们不想执行别名，而想执行命令的原有意思时使用反斜线</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#\COMMAND(alias) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">执行命令原有的意思</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的快捷键：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + L </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清屏操作</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#clear  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">清屏操作</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + a  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将光标跳至首部</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + e  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将光标跳至尾部</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">取消命令的执行，终止命令的执行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + u  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除命令行行首至光标处的内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctrl + k  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">删除光标所在处至命令行行尾的内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的</span><span lang="EN-US">I/O</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">重定向以及管道：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们知道，程序是由指令</span><span lang="EN-US">+</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据组成的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读入数据：</span><span lang="EN-US">input<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输出数据：</span><span lang="EN-US">output<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准输入：缺省（默认）从键盘读取，描述符：数字</span><span lang="EN-US">0<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">计算机识别文件、用户进程都是靠</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">号来识别的，我们用户看到的是文件名，但是在打开文件，内核内部为了实现文件追踪，会给打开的文件分配</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">号，这个</span><span lang="EN-US">ID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">号称为文件描述符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打开的文件都有一个</span><span lang="EN-US">fd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">file descriptor</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件描述符）。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序运行结束时有数据输出，数据输出可以是到文件、到屏幕、到打印机等等，这么多位置应当有一个默认的输出位置。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准输出：输出到显示器</span><span lang="EN-US">monitor</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，描述符为数字</span><span lang="EN-US">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标准错误输出：输出到显示器</span><span lang="EN-US">monitor</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，描述符为数字</span><span lang="EN-US">2<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">I/O</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的重定向：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不从标准输入读取数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不从标准输出输出数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">改变默认位置即为重定向。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输出重定向：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">COMMAND > NEW_POS</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，单个</span><span lang="EN-US">‘>’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为覆盖重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">COMMAND >> NEW_POS </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两个</span><span lang="EN-US">‘>’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为追加重定向</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为了防止意外将文件内容覆盖，我们可以使用命令限制对文件的覆盖：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#set –C </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">禁止将内容覆盖输出到已有文件中，但是我们确实需要覆盖怎么办？难道取消覆盖后在设置回来？</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cat /etc/issue > |/tmp/test </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">强制覆盖文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#set +C </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">允许将内容覆盖输出到文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">错误输出是单独的数据流，使用</span><span lang="EN-US">2></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进行重定向。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  &>:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">合并数据流，定向至同一文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  &>>:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">追加重定向，合并两个数据流，定向至同一文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#COMMAND >/path/to/file.out2>&1  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定向到</span><span lang="EN-US">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#COMMAND >>/path/to/file.out2>>&1 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定向到</span><span lang="EN-US">1<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">输入重定向：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">< /path/to/filename<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tr [option]  SET1(</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符集</span><span lang="EN-US">1) [SET2](</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符集</span><span lang="EN-US">2) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不支持跟文件，作用是转换或者删除字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -d </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果只有一个字符集，则删除出现在字符集中的内容。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">      </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果有两个字符集，则将</span><span lang="EN-US">SET1 </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的字符集按位替换成</span><span lang="EN-US">SET2</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中的字符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tr  abc ABC < /etc/fstab  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一般只使用一个参数，多个使用循环实现</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">‘</span><span lang="EN-US"><<</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">’表示此处生成文档</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">   #cat<< EOF<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">   >abc<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">   >ABC<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  >xyz<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  >XYZ<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  >EOF<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">保存键盘上键入的数据，此处是输出到屏幕，</span><span lang="EN-US">EOF</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为指定的结束符，我们可以指定其他字符。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cat >>/tmp/test<<EOF<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">>a<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">>b<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">>A<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">>EOF </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定向到文件中</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">EOF</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为特定字符串，</span><span lang="EN-US">End Of File<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">  #tee[option] file </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一路输入两路输出，一路定向到文件，一路打印到屏幕。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">    tee</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是覆盖输出，可以在管道中截取数据。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道：</span><span lang="EN-US">COMMAND1 |COMMAND2 |COMMAND3....<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道的符号为</span><span lang="EN-US">‘|’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，表示将前面一个命令的执行结果送入后一个命令，随后一个命令会在当前</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">的子</span><span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中执行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;">shell</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的编程：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为我们提供了编程环境，依靠调用系统所提供的命令（已存在的二进制程序），组织成一定形式解释执行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">说道解释执行，我们就需要说一说程序的变成风格和编程语言分类。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的变成风格：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">面向过程：以指令为中心，数据服务于指令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">面向对象：以数据为中心，指令服务于数据。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">我们之前说过，程序是由指令和数据组成的。计算机只能识别二进制的指令，所以无论我们使用什么编程语言，最终都要转换为二进制指令才可以。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编程语言按接近人类语言的程度分为高级语言和低级语言，高级并不是说很厉害，高级指的是接近人类语言习惯，还有一些语言接近底层硬件，但是对人却不友好，所以称为低级语言。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编程语言按照执行方式可以分为编译型语言和解释性语言：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编译类型的语言：高级语言</span><span lang="EN-US">--></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编译器</span><span lang="EN-US">--></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目标代码</span> <span lang="EN-US">C</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">语言、</span><span lang="EN-US">C++</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">JAVA</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">等等</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">编译类型语言编写好代码后，需要通过编译器将代码转换成静态的二进制程序，可以独立执行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解释类型的语言：高级语言</span><span lang="EN-US">--></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">解释器</span><span lang="EN-US">—></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目标代码</span> <span lang="EN-US">shell</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">perl</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:mi

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-21
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第四节——linux相关

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上所有的文件想要被访问到，必须要通过一个叫做根文件系统的位置开始，但是这并不意味着</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">就不需要分区了。为了实现文件系统或者实现多个文件系统独立管理，</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下也需要分区，但是任何一个分区在完成分区之后是不能够实现自我独立访问的，二是只能与现有的根一同被访问。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">所有的分区都会被关联到根上。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">根文件系统（</span><span lang="EN-US">rootfs</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）</span><span lang="EN-US">     FHS</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定义的</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统的标准</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/boot </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">引导文件存放目录，内核文件</span><span lang="EN-US">vmlinuz</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、引导加载器</span><span lang="EN-US">bootloader</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">grub</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">都在此目录中。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/bin  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">共所有用户使用的基本命令，不能关联到独立的分区，这是系统启动时就会使用到的命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/sbin  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理类命令，不能关联到独立分区，系统启动时会用到的程序。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/lib  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">基本的共享库文件，以及内核模块文件</span><span lang="EN-US">/lib/modules<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/lib64  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">这是在</span><span lang="EN-US">64</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位操作系统上才有的目录，库文件基本上都位于此目录下，为了向下兼容，原</span><span lang="EN-US">/lib</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录下也有相应的库文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/etc  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">应用程序的配置文件存放目录，大多为纯文本文件。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /etc/opt  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">早些时候程序安装在此路径下</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /etc/X11  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">图形的现实规范，为</span><span lang="EN-US">xwindow</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">提供配置文件（</span><span lang="EN-US">x</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">协议，</span><span lang="EN-US">11</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">位版本号）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/home  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /home/username  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/root  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理员的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/media  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">便携式设备的挂载目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/mnt  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">临时文件系统的挂载目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/dev  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设备文件目录（特殊文件或者特殊文件存放目录）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   b:block device</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">随机访问</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   c</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span><span lang="EN-US">character device </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">线性访问</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/opt  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第三方应用程序安装位置</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/srv  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">系统上运行的服务用到的数据放于此</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/tmp  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">临时文件存放目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以上目录除了</span><span lang="EN-US">/boot</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">/home</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">外都不能独立分区</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/usr  usr is shareable read-only date</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">全局只读数据，通常建议此目录单独分区挂载。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/bin </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通用户可执行的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/sbin  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管理员可执行的命令</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/lib  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/lib64  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/share  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">放置共享文件的目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/local </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">取代</span><span lang="EN-US">/opt</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录的第三方程序的安装位置</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/include  c</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">程序的头文件，调用库文件的接口</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /usr/src  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">源代码的存放目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">除了启动外的基本应用程序都放在</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录下，保证系统拥有完整的功能提供服务。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/var  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">存放经常发生变动的文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/cache  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">应用程序的</span><span lang="EN-US">date</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">缓存目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/lib  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">应用程序状态信息数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/local  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">专用于为</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/local</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的应用程序提供存储可变</span><span lang="EN-US">date<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/lock  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">锁文件的存放目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/log  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">日志目录及文件存于此目录下</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/opt  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">为</span><span lang="EN-US">/opt</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的程序存储可变数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/run  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">与运行中进程相关的数据，通常存放进程的</span><span lang="EN-US">PID</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/spool  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">缓冲池</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  /var/tmp   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">存储系统两次重启之间产生的数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/proc  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">伪文件系统，用于输出内核与进程信息相关的虚拟文件系统。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/sys  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">伪文件系统，输出当前系统上的硬件设备相关信息的虚拟文件系统。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/misc  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用于存放杂项</span><span lang="EN-US">man7<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/selinux  security enhanced linux </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内核中实现安全策略等信息的存放位置</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">/lost+found  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是由</span><span lang="EN-US">ext</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件系统产生</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上应用程序的组成部分以及可能存放的位置：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">二进制程序：</span><span lang="EN-US">/bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin/usr/local/sbin<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">库文件：</span><span lang="EN-US">/bin /sbin /usr/{bin,sbin}/usr/local/{bin,sbin}<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">配置文件：</span><span lang="EN-US">/etc /etc/DIRECTORY /usr/local/etc<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">帮助文件：</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/share/man /usr/share/doc/usr/local/share/{man,doc}<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">下的文件类型，从磁盘上的组织形式区分：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">-(f)  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">d </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录文件，在目录文件中的数据为，通过这个目录能访问到的文件或者目录的路径。即从文件名到文件元数据的映射关系。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">b </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">块设备文件，只有元数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">c </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符设备文件，只有元数据</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">l </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">符号链接文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">p </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">s </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">套接字文件，</span><span lang="EN-US">socker</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（接口），是</span><span lang="EN-US">IP:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">端口的形式，实现主机内通信，跨主机通信使用协议。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件名通配：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;">glob(globbing)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">what is glob?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">glob</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中用于实现文件名通配的机制。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">通配符：</span><span lang="EN-US">* ?  []<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">*</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示任意长度的任意字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">？表示任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[list] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配指定范围内</span><span lang="EN-US">[list]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意单个字符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[0-9]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示所有的数字</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[a-z]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示不区分大小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[A-Z]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">表示大写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果我们需要匹配连字符</span><span lang="EN-US">‘-’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，需要使用反斜线转义。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">专用字符集：不包括通配符</span><span lang="EN-US">[]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:alnum:] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意数字或者字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:alpha:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:space:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">空格</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:lower:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">小写字母</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:digit:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">任意数字，相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">0-9</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，此处没有匹配符</span><span lang="EN-US">[]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[:punct:]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">标点符号</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">#ls /tmp/l*[0-9]*[[:lower:]]  </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">以字母</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">l</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times Newroman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:zh-cn;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;">开头，中间有一个数字，并以小写字母结尾的文件。</span>

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-20
• 评论
•   2403 次浏览

第三节——基础命令

<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#date </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示或者设置系统时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#date [option]... [+format] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以指定的格式显示时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[option]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">选项很少使用，这里就不多讲</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[+format] </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">这是格式的指定方式，前面有一个</span><span lang="EN-US">’+’<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %A,%a  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示星期几</span><span lang="EN-US"> #date +%A<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %D     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以月</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">日</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">年的格式显示时间</span><span lang="EN-US">  #date+%D<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %F     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">以年</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">月</span><span lang="EN-US">-</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">日的格式显示时间</span><span lang="EN-US">   #date+%F<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %T     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">获取当前系统时间</span><span lang="EN-US">          #date +T<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %H  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %M  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  %S   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">秒</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#date [MMDDhhmmYY[cc]][.ss]  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">设置时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">MM</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的月份</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">DD </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的日期</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">hh   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的小时</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">mm </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的分钟</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">YY    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的年份（末尾两位）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">cc    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">四位的年份</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">.ss   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">两位的秒使用点</span><span lang="EN-US">‘.’</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">分离</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">在</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中有两个时钟：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一是系统时钟：</span><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">内核通过</span><span lang="EN-US">CPU</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">工作频率进行计时。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">二是硬件时钟：实时时钟，使用</span><span lang="EN-US">#clock</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">#hwclock</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看硬件时钟。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#hwclock </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查询硬件时钟</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -s,--hctosys</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">把系统时间设置为硬件时钟相同</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -w,—systohc </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将硬件时钟设置为系统时钟相同</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cal  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示日历</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件时间戳管理工具：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#touch [option]/path/to/filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改文件的时间戳，当文件不存在时创建文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -a </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改访问时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -m  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改修改时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -t  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指明时间戳，同</span><span lang="EN-US">-a/-m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">共用</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   [[cc]YYMMDDhhmm[ss]</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时间格式</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> -c  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">不创建文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当</span><span lang="EN-US">touch</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个文件时，文件不存在则默认创建该文件，当文件存在时只修改其时间戳。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个文件的组成部分有两个：</span><span lang="EN-US">metadata</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">元数据，</span><span lang="EN-US">date</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">数据。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#stat /path/to/filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件的状态。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件有三个时间戳：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  access time </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">访问时间</span><span lang="EN-US">atime </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">读取文件内容叫访问</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  modify time  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改时间</span><span lang="EN-US"> mtime  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">修改文件内容叫修改</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  change time  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">改变时间</span><span lang="EN-US"> ctime  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">元数据的改变叫做改变，即上面两项任何一项变化都会修改改变时间。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录相关的命令</span></u></b><b><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">每一个用户都有自己的家目录，在</span><span lang="EN-US">bash</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">中家目录使用特殊的展开符代替</span><span lang="EN-US">’~’<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cd </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">进行目录的切换</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cd ~</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">切换到当前用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cd – </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">短横线代表上一级目录，可以快速实现在两个目录间切换。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">root</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">用户，即管理员可以切换到主机上任意用户的家目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cd ~USER<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">linux</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">操作系统中，所有文件都在根目录下，所以一个文件的绝对路径都是由根目录开始的，但是在目录结构中有这么两个概念：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个是绝对路径，上面提到过了，绝对路径就是由根开始的路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一个是相对路径，相对路径是以当前位置为起始的路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当前目录</span><span lang="EN-US">(current directory)</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，也称作</span><span lang="EN-US">working directory</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#pwd(printing working directory) </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">打印当前路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">pwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是内建的环境变量，保存了当前目录路径，为什么</span><span lang="EN-US">pwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令能够实现当前位置的显示？因为有</span><span lang="EN-US">pwd</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">变量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">$OLDPWD </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">上一次所在目录路径，这也就是为什么能够实现目录的切换。因此</span><span lang="EN-US">cd –</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">相当于</span><span lang="EN-US">cd $OLDPWD<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#ls   list,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">列出指定目录（路径）下的文件列表</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">       -a</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，</span><span lang="EN-US">--all</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示所有文件，包括隐藏文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">      -A  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">除了</span><span lang="EN-US">. ..</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">即当前目录，上一级目录外都显示。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">      -l </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">使用长列表信息显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">       -R</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">--recursive</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）递归显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">       -h</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">人性化显示，即文件大小单位的换算</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">      -d </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示当前目录的信息（目录本身），常与</span><span lang="EN-US">-l</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">一同使用</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">       -r</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">逆序的格式显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span lang="EN-US">    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">长列表显示的时候有很多列</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第一列第一个字符为文件类型，余下的九个字符为权限的表示位。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第二列表示文件被硬链接的次数</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第三列为文件的属主</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第四列为文件的属组</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第五列为文件的大小（默认单位为字节）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第六列为时间，为最近一次被修改的时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">第七列为文件名</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件的类型：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" align="left" style="margin-left:39pt;text-indent:-18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">-<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">d  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">l    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">链接文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">b  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">块设备</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">c    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">字符设备</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">p    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">管道</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin-left:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">s    </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">套接字文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">时间戳：</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">atime</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">access time</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）访问时间</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">mtime</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">modify time</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）修改时间，指的是修改内容，只要修改文件就会改变，修改时间属于元信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">ctime</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">change time</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）改变时间，指的是元信息的改变，改变不一定会修改。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#statfilename </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示文件或者文件系统的状态，获取指定文件的元数据信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#ls /path/to/dir  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看指定目录下的文件，</span><span lang="EN-US">ls</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令默认启用了别名，别名中包含了颜色显示的规则。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">黑色</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">普通文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">蓝色</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">目录文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">绿色</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">拥有可执行权限的文件</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#mkdir  [option] /path/to/somewhere<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -p </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">如果创建目录重复则不再报错，且目标目录的父目录不存在时创建，为递归创建，从右到左查找路径，不存在则创建。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:42pt;"><span lang="EN-US">-v  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">喜爱你是详细信息</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:42pt;"><span lang="EN-US">-m</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">创建目录的同时直接指定权限</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#rmdir [option]/path/too/somewhere<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">只能删除空目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -v  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示过程</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -p  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">递归删除</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tree  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">列出目录的层级结构</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -L #  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">限制显示层级</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -d  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">只显示目录</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -P  pattern</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">模式，只显示由指定</span><span lang="EN-US">pattern</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">匹配到的路径。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left"><b><u><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">文件查看命令：</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#cat  /path/to/filename</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">（</span><span lang="EN-US">concatenate</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">）连接文件并且显示出来，</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令不会翻屏，是一次性贴入屏幕。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -E </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示行结束符（换行符‘</span><span lang="EN-US">$</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">’）</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -T </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示制表符</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">   -n </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">对行进行编号，只是显示时间编号，对文件内容无影响。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">当</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令没有跟任何参数时，会默认从键盘读取，这也就是我们键入</span><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令后为什么退不出来。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">cat</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令还可以将两个或者两个以上的文件连接起来显示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tac  /path/to/filename </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">将文件反向显示，即最后一行成为第一行，第一行成为最后一行。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">有的时候我们并不知道文件的类型，是不是可执行文件，是不是文本文件等等，我们总不能瞎猜对吧？</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#file /path/to/filename </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件内容类型，顺便回顾一下，</span><span lang="EN-US">type</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">是查看命令的类型，是内建命令还是外部命令。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#more [option] filename </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -d  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示翻页及退出提示</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  +n  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">定位显示，从第几行开始</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#less [option] filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  man</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">命令调用的便是</span><span lang="EN-US">less</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">，不再赘述其使用方法。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#head [option] filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件指定内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -n #  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定查看文件前</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -c #  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">指定查看文件前</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">个字节</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">#tail [option] filename  </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">查看文件指定内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -n #</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">显示文件后</span><span lang="EN-US">#</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;">行内容</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="text-indent:21pt;"><span lang="EN-US">  -c #</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-fami

• 基础笔记二
• 2017-03-19
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